The only think you could do is look at the bouncing reason and maybe differentiate between a non-existent user or some other 'permanent' reason (bad email address likely to continue failing indefinitely) and a transient reason (including inbox full) where you could keep retrying periodically, maybe using a progressively increasing delay scheme to not waste resources - but not give up for good.
Other than that no, you can't find out if a retry will bounce since you don't know if the transient condition still exists or not.
You could go into more details here: https://www.oasis-open.org/khelp/kmlm/user_help/html/how_email_works.html