Your laptop is a wee bit old. It utilizes Intel's 6-Series Chipset, which does not include a native Intel USB 3.0 controller. Instead, your laptop has some 3rd-party USB 3.0 controller (often by Renesas Electronics, but I've heard of others).
ASUS does not support Windows 10 on your device, even though Microsoft may have offered you the free upgrade. That means some hardware features may not work or work well with Windows 10, and USB 3.0 might be one of those features.
Your best bet from here is to initiate a round of Windows Updates and see if the required USB 3.0 driver is installed automatically for you. If that fails, you can try uninstall the existing USB 3.0 devices in Device Manager (sometimes they'll be shown as xHCI devices), reboot, and once again try Windows Updates.
Failing that, things get tricky and the answer is likely beyond the scope of a Q&A forum like SU. You'd then be best to engage the help of a computer geek who can sit down with you and troubleshoot.