The problem is the result of two bugs of Debian's xpdf:
#737989 describes the problem (selection of non-ASCII characters no longer works) and provides a patch in two patch files. Unfortunately applying the patch doesn't solve the problem.
This is linked to a second bug #739271 (many config file directives not working). Applying additionally to the patch above the patches provided here (poppler-xpdfparams, poppler-gfile-dedupe -- second one probably not necessary) and changing /debian/patches/series
and /debian/rules
as explained in message #22 to this bug, seems to resolve the problem.
To prevent cluttering of the screen with too many error messages I also commented out the line include /etc/xpdf/includes
in /etc/xpdf/xpdfrc
.