This appears to be a bug (reported in Google Code here and here) within Google Chrome currently, having to do with Windows using display scaling when a MacBook Retina (if you're using high-DPI modes and display scaling at 150% or higher, which is the default).
Although coming at a slight compromise, you can disable display scaling for Google Chrome specifically. This will render the fonts correctly, but all of the controls in the "omnibar" (back, forward, reload) are extremely small.
Here's how:
- Right-click your Google Chrome shortcut and click "Properties"
- Move to the Compatibility tab
- Check the box that states "Disable display scaling on high DPI settings"
And click OK. Screenshots below from the reported issue.