Well you asked for a good resource, so I would suggest the book series Windows Internals.
The 6th edition is available on Amazon:
Alex Ionescu is a chief software architect and consultant expert in low-level system software, kernel development, security training, and reverse engineering. He teaches Windows internals course with David Solomon, and is active in the security research community.
You can also do some light reading about the Windows Architecture, but beware the article is from 2007 (and actually references a diagram from an older version of the Windows Internals book).