After almost a week of trying I have found that the following helped:
- I deinstalled the driver of the USB hub
- Fully shutdown windows
- Connected the hub and let the drivers automatically install again
Then I have connected the stick slowly with the hub so that only its main four pins (The pins used to ensure backwards compatibility with USB 2.0) were connected to it. Windows then has recognized the USB Stick and after it was recognized i could fully put it into the port. When booting I also haven't completely put the stick in the port, but after the os was fully loaded I could enitrely insert it without any troubles.