One solution that works today is to add the following filter to Adblock custom filters in Chrome:
https://assets.onestore.ms/cdnfiles/*/redirect.min.js
Blocking that script will not work forever. I'd much rather have a browser setting that disables usage of any protocol outside of the typical http/https/mailto/etc.
Another possible solution is to use this URL Protocol tool from NirSoft to disable the ms-windows-store://
protocol, which I found thanks to this SuperUser question. This seems a little heavy-handed to me and it may break Windows, so I won't be trying this one out.