Как работает процессор / чипсет PCI-E и какая разница?

Я использую сильно перегруженную PCI-E систему со всеми доступными слотами pci-e. Спецификация Intel моего i7-2600K объявляет о поддержке только 16 линий pci-e, но, несмотря на использование большого количества карт расширения, мои 2 GPU по-прежнему работают на скорости x8. Я думал, что из-за других карт это будет что-то вроде х4 или меньше.

Итак, как система поддерживает более 16 линий pci-e в целом, несмотря на то, что процессор запрашивает поддержку только для 16? Это мой lspci -vvрезультат:

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller (rev 09) 00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200/2nd Generation Core Processor Family PCI Express Root Port (rev 09) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) LnkCap: Port #2, Speed 5GT/s, Width x8, ASPM not supported, Exit Latency L0s <256ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x8, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt+ ABWMgmt- 00:01.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200/2nd Generation Core Processor Family PCI Express Root Port (rev 09) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) LnkCap: Port #3, Speed 5GT/s, Width x8, ASPM not supported, Exit Latency L0s <256ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x8, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt+ ABWMgmt- 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1 (rev 04) 00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82579V Gigabit Network Connection (rev 05) 00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 (rev 05) (prog-if 20 [EHCI]) 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller (rev 05) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev b5) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) LnkCap: Port #1, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive+ BWMgmt+ ABWMgmt- 00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 2 (rev b5) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) LnkCap: Port #2, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive+ BWMgmt+ ABWMgmt- 00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev b5) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) LnkCap: Port #3, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive+ BWMgmt+ ABWMgmt- 00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev b5) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) LnkCap: Port #4, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive+ BWMgmt+ ABWMgmt- 00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 5 (rev b5) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) LnkCap: Port #5, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive+ BWMgmt+ ABWMgmt- 00:1c.6 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev b5) (prog-if 01 [Subtractive decode]) LnkCap: Port #7, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <1us, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive+ BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 00:1c.7 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 8 (rev b5) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) LnkCap: Port #8, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive+ BWMgmt+ ABWMgmt- 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 (rev 05) (prog-if 20 [EHCI]) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation P67 Express Chipset Family LPC Controller (rev 05) 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family SATA AHCI Controller (rev 05) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0]) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller (rev 05) 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GF110 [GeForce GTX 580] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x16, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <256ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x8, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 01:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GF110 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1) LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x16, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <256ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x8, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 02:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GF100GL [Quadro 4000] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) LnkCap: Port #1, Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x16, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <256ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x8, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 02:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GF110 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1) LnkCap: Port #1, Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x16, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <256ns, L1 <4us LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x8, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 03:00.0 SATA controller: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. 88SE9123 PCIe SATA 6.0 Gb/s controller (rev 11) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0]) LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <64us LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 03:00.1 IDE interface: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. 88SE912x IDE Controller (rev 11) (prog-if 8f [Master SecP SecO PriP PriO]) LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <64us LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 04:00.0 USB controller: NEC Corporation uPD720200 USB 3.0 Host Controller (rev 04) (prog-if 30 [XHCI]) LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <4us, L1 unlimited LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 05:00.0 SATA controller: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. 88SE9123 PCIe SATA 6.0 Gb/s controller (rev 11) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0]) LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <64us LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 05:00.1 IDE interface: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. 88SE912x IDE Controller (rev 11) (prog-if 8f [Master SecP SecO PriP PriO]) LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <64us LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 06:00.0 SATA controller: JMicron Technology Corp. JMB362 SATA Controller (rev 10) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0]) LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <1us, L1 <16us LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 07:00.0 USB controller: NEC Corporation uPD720200 USB 3.0 Host Controller (rev 04) (prog-if 30 [XHCI]) LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <4us, L1 unlimited LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 08:00.0 PCI bridge: ASMedia Technology Inc. ASM1083/1085 PCIe to PCI Bridge (rev 01) (prog-if 01 [Subtractive decode]) 09:00.0 Multimedia audio controller: C-Media Electronics Inc CMI8788 [Oxygen HD Audio] 09:01.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6306/7/8 [Fire II(M)] IEEE 1394 OHCI Controller (rev c0) (prog-if 10 [OHCI]) 0a:00.0 SATA controller: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. 88SE9172 SATA 6Gb/s Controller (rev 11) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0]) LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <64us LnkSta: Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt- 

Я вижу, что есть некоторые порты, которые принадлежат самому процессору, и некоторые слоты x1, которые поддерживаются набором микросхем. В чем разница между линиями pci-e с чипсетом и процессором с процессором?

Вот lspci -t:

 -[0000:00]-+-00.0 +-01.0-[01]--+-00.0 | \-00.1 +-01.1-[02]--+-00.0 | \-00.1 +-16.0 +-19.0 +-1a.0 +-1b.0 +-1c.0-[03]--+-00.0 | \-00.1 +-1c.1-[04]----00.0 +-1c.2-[05]--+-00.0 | \-00.1 +-1c.3-[06]----00.0 +-1c.4-[07]----00.0 +-1c.6-[08-09]----00.0-[09]--+-00.0 | \-01.0 +-1c.7-[0a]----00.0 +-1d.0 +-1f.0 +-1f.2 \-1f.3 

Я заметил, что процессоры Threadrippter имеют поддержку 64 линий pci-e, но материнские платы имеют тенденцию выставлять только 48 через слоты pci-e на материнской плате. Означает ли это, что X399 не использует такой подход, и здесь все эти «дополнительные» линии pci-e, такие как M.2 и т. Д., Также напрямую поддерживаются процессором?