Возможно ли в Microsoft одну заметку сделать, например, V_0 (с последующим нажатием клавиши пробела) для автоматического V с нижним индексом 0, а также V ^ 0, чтобы перейти к V с верхним индексом 0 (не только для этого конкретного примера с V и 0, но в целом)?
Here is the answer,
Apply or remove superscript formatting from the selected text --> CTRL+SHIFT+=
Apply or remove subscript formatting from the selected text --> CTRL+=
Highlight the text which should be super/sub script and follow the key combinations.
Here is the reference link.
Yes, this should be possible. Assuming you're on the latest version of desktop OneNote, you can use the equation editor, which contains a bunch of these LaTeX style shortcuts.
First, you'll need to insert an equation, which can be done by either using the ribbon or the ALT+= shortcut.
_ and ^ will produce subscript and superscript after you type a space. There's other nifty shortcuts too; \pi for example will produce a pi symbol, for example. This superuser question actually has a more thorough description.
Hope this helps!