This is due to missing subkeys under the "FolderDescriptions" registry key, or the entire key gone missing as you've found already. See [Fix] Cannot Rename or Move Folders in Windows 10, Due to Missing FolderDescriptions Registry Entries
That page contains the registry export of this entire branch:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FolderDescriptions
Run it (ignore error when importing, it's normal, as 3 branches can't be written to.) and restart Windows.