Google Chrome is relatively unique in that it installs itself under the user's profile directory, rather than a system-wide directory like C:\Program Files
or similar. There's not any really easy way to prevent this type of software installation. There's lots of software out there that doesn't even need to be "installed" to run -- see PortableApps.com, for example.
If you really want to lock down software installation, there is software out there used to implement Windows-based kiosk systems. I'd suggest searching the web for "windows kiosk software".