I'm really sorry, I totally lost track of this question. Did you ever get it worked out?
According to the /dev/disk/by-uuid listing, there isn't a UUID associated with /dev/sda1. Are you sure it's still a valid root partition?
- You should be able to check with the command
sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda1
. If that works, - try running fsck on it (start with
sudo fsck -n /dev/sda1
to see if it reports any errors), and if that works - try mounting the filesystem (
sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
or similar).
If those three tests work, maybe the problem is that something accidentally unset the filesystem's UUID. You can try resetting the UUID to its old value with this:
sudo tune2fs -U b1ed36e5-4d84-4eb8-86ef-6f1135ffc238 /dev/sda1
If one of the filesystem tests fails, you may have another problem on your hands, but there are too many possibilities to go into without further info.