In the IBM PC days, with the ISA bus, each device simply had to use a different address. Often times they had hardware jumpers or dip switches you could configure to change the address to avoid conflicts. With the advent of the PCI bus, hardware addresses are configured automatically by the system bios to assign each device a unique address.
If the oprom hooks an interrupt, it points to an address within the assigned address that the oprom lives at. In the case of VGA bios, that normally was within the 0xC0000 block. Using the msdos debugger, you could inspect the interrupt vector table to see the entry point, and start disassembling the instructions there to see what they did.