Windows 10 upgrade can fail in unpredictable ways.
One way which might fix the problem is to ... do Windows 10 upgrade, but this time not letting the upgrade download only the pieces that it thinks it needs, but download the full installation and then upgrade Windows 10 to itself.
You will need to Download a recent Windows 10 ISO File and use it for the upgrade. The process is described in this article :
Repair Install Windows 10 with an In-place Upgrade
This procedure is painfully slow and the download file is large, but sometimes this helps in similar situations. I cannot guarantee that it will help in your case.