When creating your volume with cryptsetup, one of the most common Linux FDE solutions, you can pass a number of options specifying various parameters for your volume being created.
They are pretty fully documented in the cryptsetup man page.
When using the setting up an encrypted volume using the text-based Debian/Ubuntu installer you can choose the algorithm, and parameters related to it. From what I can see booting a Deb 7.x/Ubuntu 14.04 the cipher selection is limited to: aes/blowfish/serpent/twofish.