To grow RAID 10 you need mdadm in version min. 3.3 and kernel version min 3.5. You need also an even number of disks - unpaired ones can only work as a spare or, eventually, to grow into degradated mode (not tested).
Here goes the example of growing RAID 10 from 4 drives to 6 using mdadm 3.3-2ubuntu2 @ Linux 4.2.0-10-generic. Tested with ext4 data on it, filesystem was unmounted, ext4 was extended after the RAID grow without any issue.
~$ cat /proc/mdstat md126 : active raid10 sdd1[1] sdc1[0] sdf1[3] sde1[2] 976428032 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 near-copies [4/4] [UUUU] bitmap: 0/8 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk ~$ sudo mdadm /dev/md126 --add /dev/sdi1 /dev/sdj1 mdadm: added /dev/sdi1 mdadm: added /dev/sdj1 ~$ sudo mdadm --grow /dev/md126 --raid-devices=6 ~$ cat /proc/mdstat md126 : active raid10 sdj1[5] sdi1[4] sdd1[1] sdc1[0] sdf1[3] sde1[2] 1464642048 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 near-copies [6/6] [UUUUUU] bitmap: 0/6 pages [0KB], 131072KB chunk