Given that many supercomputers today use server-grade x86-64 processors, like AMD Opterons, they would probably be fitted with ECC memory, most likely DDR2 or DDR3 SDRAM.
ECC memory has the ability to detect and correct most memory errors. It is generally not seen in consumer computers, but is commonly found in servers and workstations, where maximum reliability is required. An example of this kind of memory can be found here.
ECC support in consumer computers is rare, but note that AMD FX processors fully support this type of memory, and with a proper motherboard, the enhanced reliability of ECC memory can be realized. ECC memory can be expensive, though, and tends to be marginally slower (by 1-3%) than non-ECC memory.
Some newer supercomputers use GPUs for computation alongside conventional processors (as in the Cray XK7). These GPUs generally use GDDR5 memory.