I found an explanation of what happens on Server Fault: Hyper-V extensible virtual switch disables network
The key line:
the physical NIC gets bound with the Microsoft Virtual Network Switch Protocol (which is the virtual switch driver)
That prompted me to try and change the settings of the vEthernet (Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller Virtual Switch) adapter (third one in the question). I changed the DNS servers for IPv4 and IPv6 and it works. My browser uses the DNS servers I've chosen and nslookup
also uses them.
C:\Users\Stijn>nslookup superuser.com Server: google-public-dns-a.google.com Address: 2001:4860:4860::8888 Non-authoritative answer: Name: superuser.com Address: 198.252.206.140